1. Define
the term industrial revolution
Industrial
revolution is defined as the changes in manufacturing and transportation that
began with fewer things being made by hand but instead made using machines in
larger-scale factories. As in England in the late 18th century, industrial
revolution is a rapid major change in an economy marked by the general
introduction of power-driven machinery or by an important change in the
prevailing types and methods of use of such machines.
2. Describe
each of the first three industrial revolutions
a)
The First Industrial Revolution: The Age of Mechanical Production
As it turns out, when you heat up
water, you get steam. And beginning around 1760, through the advent of the
steam engine, steam was powering everything from agriculture to textile
manufacturing.
Society used to be largely agrarian,
which is a fancy way of saying that life used to be centered around farming.
But with steam power, those agrarian societies gave way to urbanization. The
world began to rely on steam power and machine tools, while steamships and
railroads revolutionized how people got from A to B. And what emerged as the
new center of community life? The factory.
But factory life was difficult. Unskilled factory laborers were cheap and plentiful. They were made to work long hours, often in unsafe conditions. Even children worked in factories, putting in 14-hour shifts alongside adults. Such conditions endured into the 20th century.
Ultimately, advancing
industrialization created a middle class of skilled workers. Cities and
industries grew m0ore quickly than ever before, and economies grew along with
them.
b)
The Second Industrial Revolution: The Age of Science and Mass Production
Things started to speed up with a
number of key inventions. Think gasoline engines, airplanes, chemical
fertilizer. All inventions that helped us go faster and do more.
That’s science, folks. It works.
But advancements in science weren’t
limited to the laboratory. Scientific principles were brought right into the
factories. Most notably, the assembly line, which effectively powered mass
production. By the early part of the 20th century, Henry Ford’s company was
mass producing the groundbreaking Ford Model T, a car with a gasoline engine
built on an assembly line in his factories.
People follow the jobs, and the early 1900s saw workers leaving their rural homes behind to move to urban areas and factory jobs. By 1900, 40% of the US population lived in cities, compared to just 6% in 1800. Along with increasing urbanization, inventions such as electric lighting, radio, and telephones transformed the way people lived and communicated.
When you stop and think about it, it
was this industrial revolution, the second one, that ushered in the modern
world.
c)
The Third Industrial Revolution: The Digital Revolution
So, if you’re reading this, you’re
experiencing some of the wonders of the digital revolution right now. You’re
enjoying the cloud, the Internet, and some kind of handy device that lets you
access both. You can even be reading this on your phone.
Beginning in the 1950s, the third industrial revolution brought semiconductors, mainframe computing, personal computing, and the Internet—the digital revolution. Things that used to be analog moved to digital technologies, like an old television you used to tune in with an antenna (analog) being replaced by an Internet-connected tablet that lets you stream movies (digital).
The move from analog electronic and
mechanical devices to pervasive digital technology dramatically disrupted
industries, especially global communications and energy. Electronics and
information technology began to automate production and take supply chains
global.
3. Describe the impact each industrial
revolution
a. A major impact of the Industrial
Revolution
A major impact of the Industrial
Revolution was how it affected workers. Before the Industrial Revolution
occurred, people worked in small businesses that were very friendly towards the
workers. Usually, the workers and the owner knew each other and their families
quite well. If a special need or situation arose, there was understanding and
compassion toward the worker.
With the Industrial Revolution, this
relationship changed. People went to work in factories where hundreds or
thousands of people worked. There was little to no personal relationship
between the worker and the owner. They often didn’t even know each other.
Workers were treated very differently in this situation. If a special need or
situation arose, the request was often denied. Workers were more easily
replaced. Working conditions were poor with long hours, low pay, and unsafe
working conditions. Workers had to form unions to try to improve their workers
conditions. In the beginning, the unions usually were not successful in
improving the conditions for the workers. The Industrial Revolution really
changed the relationship between workers and owners.
b. The impact of the industrial
revolution on society
The Industrial Revolution did have a
major impact on society. Prior to it, wealth was based primarily on land
ownership. As a result, the aristocracy was the wealthiest class in society, as
they owned the land. (Merchants, moneylenders and other people involved in business
or finance could also make fortunes, but that was not guaranteed.) The
aristocrats received their land, usually initially from a king or prince, in
return for being willing to raise armies at the ruler's request. They rented
most of this land and grew wealthy on the rents. Most people in society worked
the land, as agriculture was the basis of wealth.
With the Industrial Revolution, new
technology enabled enterprising people to build factories where goods could be
manufactured by machines in a fraction of the time that it took to make these
same items by hand. The factory owners became extremely wealthy—wealthier than
the aristocrats. This caused friction and social instability. Even more social
instability was caused by common people moving from the land to congregate in
cities or around factories. People whose families might have farmed the same
plot of land for a thousand years could find themselves living in a strange
place, working under strange conditions, and lacking the social support that
had once made life possible.
The lower classes often felt
exploited by industrialism because the old, paternalistic relationships in
which aristocrats owed some allegiance to their workers was disrupted by the
new way of doing business. As a result of this, most industrial societies
evolved a compromise situation in which the state rather than the employer
guaranteed certain basic rights, such as minimum wage and a limited work day.
Industrialism, on the whole,
however, was good for the working classes because the standard of living
improved dramatically with the increase of affordable goods on the market.
4. Explain how the scape of the fourth
industrial revolution differs from those of the first time
According to
Schwab, there are three key factors which differentiate between them :
a) Velocity
b) Breadth and depth
c) Systems impact
a. Velocity
The world is more connected than ever before, and this revolution is
transforming the world far more quickly than the first three did.
b. Breadth and Depth
Salesforce CEO Marc Benioff observes, “The convergence of digital
technologies with breakthroughs in materials science and biology means that we
are seeing the emergence of entirely new ways in which to live. In both subtle
and explicit ways, technology is also changing what it means to be human.”
c. Systems Impact
Fourth Industrial Revolution advances are so sophisticated and
interconnected that they’re transforming major systems (politics and the
economy, for example) as well as entire countries and societies.
Referensi
:
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https://trailhead.salesforce.com/en/content/learn/modules/learn-about-the-fourth-industrial-revolution/learn-about-drivers-of-the-fourth-industrial-revolution
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